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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA    PUBLICATIONS 

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PHYSIOLOGY 

Vol.  4,  No.  19,  pp.  201-206,  plate  1  Issued  September  10,  1914 


THE  BLOOD-PRESSURE  EFFECTS  OF  THE 

APPLICATION  OF  CREATIN  TO  THE 

CEREBRAL  CORTEX 


BY 
ROBERT  STANTON  SHERMAN 


UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

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PHYSIOLOGY— S.  S.  Maxwell,  Editor.    Price  per  volume  $2. 

Cited  as  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Physiol. 

VoLl.      1.  On  »  Method  by  which  the  Eggs  of  a  Sea-urchin  (Strmngylocentrotug 
purpuratus)  can  be  Fertilized  with  the  Sperm  of  a  Starfish  (Astcriat 

ochracea),  by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  1-8,     April,  1903 05 

S.  On  the   Mechanism  of   the   Action   of   Saline   Purgatives,   and  the 
Counteraction  of  their  Effect  by  Calcium,  by  John  Bruce  Mac- 

Callum.     Pp.  5-6.     May,  1903 „ _.T..      .05 

S.  Artificial  Parthenogenesis  in  Molluscs,  by  Jacques  Loeb.     Pp.  7-£ 

August,  1903  , „ 05 

4.  The  Relations  of  Biology  and  the  Neighboring  Sciences,  by  Wilhelm 

Ostwald.    Pp.  11-31.    October,  1903 _ _..      .25 

5.  The  Limitations  of  Biological  Research,  by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  33-37. 

October,   1903   _ 05 

6.  The  Fertilization  of  the  Egg  of  the  Sea-urchin  by  the  Sperm  of  the 

Starfish,  by  Jacques  Lceb.    Pp.  39-53.    November,  1903 „ 15 

7.  On  the  Relative  Toxicity  of  Distilled  Water,  Sugar  Solutions  and 

Solutions  of  the  various  Constituents  of  the  Sea-water  for  Marine 
Animals,  by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  55-69.    November,  1903. 

8.  On  the  Segmental  Character  of  the  Respiratory  Center  in  the  Medulla 

Oblongata  of  Mammals,  by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  71-75.    November, 
1903. 
Nos.  7  and  8  in  one  cover .25 

9.  On  the  Production  and  Suppression  of  Glycosuria  in  Rabbits  through 

Electrolytes  (a  preliminary  communication),  by  Martin  H.  Fischer. 

Pp.  77-79.     December,   1903 „...       .05 

10.  On  the  Influence  of  Calcium  and  Barium  on  the  Flow  of  Urine  (a 

preliminary  communication),  by  John  Bruce  MacCallum.    Pp.  81-82. 
January,  1904 , 05 

11.  Further  Experiments  on  the  Fertilization  of  the  Egg  of  the  Sea-urchin 

with  Sperm  of  various  species  of  Starfish  and  a  Hclothurian,  by 
Jacques  Loeb.     Pp.  83-85.     February,  1904 ,..      .05 

12.  On  the  Production  and  Suppression  of  Glycosuria  in  Rabbits  through 

Electrolytes     (second    communication),    by    Martin    H.    Fischer. 

Pp.  87-113.     February,  1904 30 

13.  The  Influence  of  Saline  Purgatives  on  Loops  of  Intestine  Removed 

from  the  Body,  by  John  Bruce  MacCallum.    Pp.  115-123.    March, 
1904. 

14.  The  Secretion  of  Sugar  into  the  Intestine  Caused  by  Intravenous 

Saline  Infusions,  by  John  Bruca  MacCallum.    Pp.  125-137.    March, 
1904. 
Nos.  13  and  14  in  one  cover „..      .25 

15.  On  the  Influence  of  the  Reaction  of  the  Sea-water  on  the  Regeneration 

and  Growth  of  Tub'ilyxianj,  by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  139-147.    April, 

1904 „ 10 

18.  The  Possible  Vjcf.iiPit^e  of  the  Amphotoric  Reaction  of  Certain  Colloids 
upon  the  Sign  of  their  Hloctii'-al  Uharge  in  the  Presence  of  Acid 
and  Alkalis,  by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp.  149-150.  May,  1904. 

17.  Concerning  Dynamic  Conditions  which  contribute  toward  the  Deter- 

mination of  the  Morphological  Polarity  of  Organisms  (first  com- 
munication),   by    Jacques    Loeb.     Pp.    151-161.      7    text    figures. 
May,  1904. 
Nos.  16  and  17  in  one  cover 15 

18.  The  Action  of  Cascara  Sagrada  (&  preliminary  communication),  by 

John  Bruce  MacCallum.    Pp.  163-164.    May,  1904 05 

19.  Artificial  Parthenogenesis  and  Regular  Segmentation  in  an  Annelid 

(Ophelia),  by  G,  Bullot.    13  text  figures.    Pp.  165-174.    June,  1S04 10 

20.  On  the  Action  of  Saline  Purgatives  in  Rabbits  and  the  Counteraction 

of  their  Effect  by  Calcium  (second  communication),  by  John  Bruce 
MacCallum.    Pp.  175-185.     July,  1904. 

21.  On  the  Local  Application  of  Solutions  of  Saline  Purgatives  to  the 

Peritoneal  Surfaces  of  the  Intestines,  by  John  Bruce  MacCallum. 
Pp.  187-197.    July,  1904. 
Nos.  20  and  21  in  one  cover -...      .25 

22.  On  the  Toxicity  of  Distilled  Water  for  the  Fresh-water  Gammarns. 

Suppression  of  this  Toxicity  by  the  Addition  of  small  quantities  of 
Sodium  Chloride,  by  G.  Bullot.    Pp.  199-217.    July,  1904 .20 


Vol.  4,  No.  19,  pp.  201-206,  plate  1  Issued  September  10,  1914 


THE  BLOOD-PRESSURE  EFFECTS  OF  THE 

APPLICATION  OF  CREATIN  TO  THE 

CEREBRAL  CORTEX 

BY 

KOBEET  STANTON  SHERMAN 
(From  the  Rudolph  Spreckels  Physiological  Laboratory  of  the  University  of  California) 


The  first  observations  on  the  chemical  stimulation  of  the 
cerebral  cortex  were  made  by  Landois.1  He  described  the  occur- 
rence of  epileptiform  seizures,  beginning  some  minutes  after  the 
application  of  creatin  to  the  brain  surface,  and  recurring  at 
intervals  with  increasing  severity.  He  noted  that  in  connection 
with  the  seizures  there  was  evidence  of  increased  blood  pressure 
as  shown  by  marked  pulsation  and  bulging  of  the  brain  substance 
in  the  trephine  hole.  These  evidences  of  increased  blood  pres- 
sure have  probably  been  noticed  by  all  who  have  repeated  the 
experiment.  My  attention  was  called  to  this  particular  phase 
of  the  creatin  effects  by  Professor  S.  S.  Maxwell,  who  asked  me 
to  determine  the  exact  relations  existing  between  the  blood 
pressure  and  the  oncoming  and  continuance  of  the  seizures. 

It  is  well  known  that  muscular  exertion  can  produce  a  rise 
of  blood  pressure.  This  has  been  shown,  among  others,  by  the 
observations  of  Lowsley.2  He  concluded  from  his  experiments 
that  muscular  exercise  causes  an  immediate  rise  in  systolic, 
diastolic  and  pulse  pressures,  and  that  cessation  of  exercise  is 
followed  by  a  rather  rapid  return  to  normal.  It  is  also  well 


1  Deutsch.  Mecl.  Woch.,  vol.  13,  p.  685,  1887. 

2  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  vol.  27,  p.  447,  1911. 


202       University  of  California,  Publications  in  Physiology    [VOL.  4 

known  that  certain  psychic  states  markedly  increase  the  blood 
pressure.  It  is  conceivable  that  creatin  could  act  either  directly, 
by  some  "specific  effect  upon  the  brain,  or  indirectly,  through 
bringing  about  the  muscular  contractions. 

There  is  also  a  practical  side  to  this  question  in  that,  in  cer- 
tain diseases,  the  raising  of  the  blood  pressure  would  be  danger- 
ous. It  is  conceivable  that  to  patients  in  such  conditions  it 
might  be  harmful  to  feed  soups  or  other  extracts  of  meat  in 
which  creatin  is  present  in  large  amounts. 

The  animals  experimented  upon  were  rabbits  lightly  nar- 
cotized with  morphine.  The  blood  pressure  was  recorded  by 
means  of  a  membrane  manometer,  the  cannula  being  inserted  into 
the  carotid  artery.  Two  signal  magnets  were  used,  one  con- 
nected with  a  laboratory  clock  to  record  time  and  the  other  to 
mark  the  time  of  occurrence  of  various  incidents  of  the  experi- 
ment. In  order  to  compare  the  time  of  the  rise  in  blood 
pressure  with  the  onset  and  duration  of  each  epileptiform 
seizure,  a  thread  was  attached  to  the  vibrissae,  the  so-called 
whiskers,  of  the  rabbit.  The  thread  was  passed  over  a  pulley  and 
connected  to  a  writing  point,  which  worked  in  a  vertical  direc- 
tion, and  in  this  way  the  muscular  contractions  were  recorded. 
This  mode  of  attachment  to  the  recording  apparatus  was  used 
because  in  the  rabbit  the  earliest  sign  of  a  seizure  is  usually  a 
twitching  of  the  muscles  of  the  face  and  neck.  In  every  case 
simultaneous  ordinates  were  made. 

The  order  of  procedure  was  as  follows :  The  brain  was  care- 
fully exposed  by  a  trephine  opening  over  the  hemisphere  just 
posterior  to  the  coronal  suture.  The  membrane  manometer  was 
then  connected  with  the  carotid  artery.  After  connecting  t<he 
vibrissae  to  the  thread  for  recording  muscular  movements,  the 
dura  was  carefully  removed  and  creatin  applied  to  the  motor 
area  of  the  cortex. 

That  there  is  a  rise  in  blood  pressure  coincident  with  the 
epileptiform  attacks  produced  by  the  application  of  creatin  to 
the  brain,  is  shown  by  the  following  typical  experiment. 

'  Babbit,  lightly  narcotized  with  morphine.  Left  motor  area  exposed  and 
determined  by  electrical  stimulation,  creatin  applied  to  the  surface  of  the 
brain.  Ten  minutes  later  epileptiform  attacks  were  noted.  They  began 
by  chewing  movements  and  slight  movements  of  the  right  fore-leg,  during 


1914]  Sherman:  Cerebral  Cortex  203 

which  there  was  a  small  rise  in  blood  pressure,  which  lasted  about  one 
minute.  Next  the  right  hind  foot  moved  and  then  a  general  paroxysm 
ensued,  during  which  the  blood  pressure  rose  to  a  height  of  35  mm.  of 
mercury  above  normal.  This  lasted  for  about  two  and  one-fourth  minutes. 
The  blood  pressure  did  not  fall  to  normal  until  a  minute  after  the  general 
paroxysm  had  ceased.  Tracing  shown  in  plate  1. 


In  general  it  was  observed  that  the  more  severe  the  paroxysm 
the  higher  was  the  blood  pressure. 

It  is  well  known  that  there  are  three  mechanical  factors  that 
bring  about  alterations  in  blood  pressure:  (1)  Rate  of  Heart, 
(2) Force  of  Heart,  (3)  Peripheral  Resistance.  Lowsley3  in 
experimenting  upon  the  effects  of  various  forms  of  exercise 
showed  definitely  that  the  rise  in  blood  pressure  was  brought 
about  by  an  increase  in  rate  and  force  of  the  heart.  My  observa- 
tions on  the  rise  in  blood  pressure  produced  by  the  application 
of  creatin  to  the  brain  are  in  accordance  with  Lowsley 's  state- 
ment so  far  as  the  rate  and  the  force  of  the  heart-beat  is  con- 
cerned. In  my  experiments  (see  tracing)  the  rate  of  heart-beat 
during  the  paroxysm  was  markedly  increased.  It  is  also  to  be 
seen  that  there  is  a  marked  increase  in  pulse  pressure  coincident 
with  the  paroxysm,  thereby  indicating  an  increase  in  force  of 
each  heart  beat. 

The  question  now  arises  as  to  the  exciting  cause  of  this  change 
in  the  blood  pressure.  Since  we  may  suppose  that  stimulation 
of  the  cerebral  cortex  might  bring  about  some  condition  analogous 
to  that  of  an  emotional  state,  and  it  has  been  shown  by  Cannon 
and  De  la  Paz4  that  emotional  excitement  can  markedly  increase 
the  adrenal  secretion,  it  seems  possible  that  the  rise  of  blood 
pressure  was  brought  about  by  a  reflex  increase  of  the  production 
of  adrenalin.  This  idea  was  tested  in  the  following  way:  Both 
adrenals  were  tied  off,  and  creatin  was  applied  to  the  brain  in 
the  manner  described  above.  During  each  of  the  epileptiform 
paroxysms  which  ensued  there  was  a  rise  in  blood  pressure 
which  was  in  no  way  different  from  that  obtained  when  the 
adrenals  were  left  intact.  This  shows  that  the  rise  in  blood  pres- 
sure is  not  due  to  an  excessive  production  of  adrenalin. 


s  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  vol.  27,  p.  446,  1911. 
4  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  vol.  28,  p.  64,  1911. 


204       University  of  California  Publications  in  Physiology    [VOL.  4 

If  the  rise  in  the  blood  pressure  were  due  to  psychic  causes, 
one  might  expect  it  to  begin  before  the  paroxysm  of  muscular 
contractions,  and  it  might  even  occur  without  the  incidence  of 
muscular  contractions.  The  tracings  obtained  in  my  experiments 
show  uniformly  that  the  increase  in  blood  pressure  does  not 
precede  the  muscular  contractions,  but  keeps  pace  in  time  and 
magnitude  with  the  violence  of  the  convulsions.  That  the  rise 
in  blood  pressure  does  not  occur  until  after  the  actual  muscular 
contractions  have  begun  is  shown  in  all  my  tracings.  It  will 
be  noticed  also,  that  while  the  rise  of  blood  pressure  is  nearly 
synchronous  with  the  muscular  paroxysm,  the  pressure  does  not 
again  return  to  normal  for  a  little  time  after  cessation  of  muscu- 
lar contraction. 

The  results  just  stated  seem  to  indicate  a  close  relation,  pos- 
sibly a  causal  relation,  between  the  muscular  contractions  and 
the  rise  in  blood  pressure,  although  a  common  cause  for  both  is 
not  excluded.  The  latter  possibility  was  put  to  the  test  in  the 
following  way: 

The  rabbit  was  prepared  as  in  the  previous  experiment,  and 
after  the  production  of  the  epileptiform  attacks  through  the 
action  of  creatin  upon  the  cortex  had  begun,  and  the  manometer 
had  been  arranged  to  record  the  blood  pressure,  artificial  respira- 
tion was  provided  for  by  the  method  of  Meltzer  and  Auer,5  and 
curare  was  administered.  It  should  be  mentioned  here  that,  in 
accordance  with  the  experience  of  Meltzer  and  Auer,  it  was  nec- 
essary to  use  an  intravenous  injection  of  atropin  in  order  to 
insure  success  with  the  artificial  respiration.  The  atropin  had 
no  noticeable  effect  upon  the  progress  of  the  convulsions  and  did 
not  prevent  the  characteristic  rise  of  the  blood  pressure.  Curare 
was  then  administered  by  injection  into  the  marginal  vein  of 
the  ear. 

When  through  the  effect  of  the  curare  the  muscular  contrac- 
tions had  ceased,  the  periodic  changes  in  the  blood  pressure  also 
disappeared.  This  would  tend  to  show  that  the  rise  of  blood 
pressure  was  not  directly  caused  by  the  cerebral  excitation,  but 
was  an  indirect  result  of  the  muscular  contractions. 


B  Zentralblatt  fur  Physiologie,  vol.  23,  p.  210,  1909. 


19141  Sherman:  Cerebral  Cortex  205 

A  comparison  of  the  results  of  these  different  experiments 
would  seem  to  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the  chief  cause  of  the 
elevation  in  blood  pressure,  in  connection  with  the  epileptiform 
seizures  induced  by  creatin,  is  to  be  found  in  the  action  of  the 
metabolic  products  of  the  muscular  contractions. 


SUMMARY 

1.  When  epileptiform  convulsions  are  produced  in  the  rabbit 
by  the  application  of  creatin  to  the  brain,  characteristic  eleva- 
tions of  blood  pressure  occur. 

2.  The  rise  of  blood  pressure  follows,  but  does  not  precede 
the  muscular  paroxysm. 

3.  The  rise  of  blood  pressure  is  not  due  to  excessive  produc- 
tion of  adrenal  secretion,   for  it  occurs  after  ligation  of  the 
adrenal  vessels. 

4.  The    characteristic    changes    of    the    blood    pressure    are 
totally  prevented  by  the  action  of  curare. 

Transmitted  April  9,  1914. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  1 

Tracing  showing  blood  pressure  and  muscular  paroxysms  in  rabbit  after 
application  of  creatin  to  the  motor  areas.  The  two  parts  of  the  figure  are 
separated  by  a  time  interval  of  forty  minutes. 

A.  Eecord  of  writing  point  connected  wtih  vibrissae  and  indicating  mus- 
cular paroxysms. 

B.  Time  in  minutes. 

C.  Blood  pressure. 

D.  Atmospheric  pressure. 

QI  0,,  02  02,  03  03 — simultaneous  ordinates. 


[206] 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS—  ^Continued) 

Vol.2.  1.  The  Control  of  Heliotropic  Reactions  in  Fresh-water  Crustaceans  by 
Chemicals,  especially  CO,  (a  preliminary  communication),  by 
Jacques  Loeb.  Pp.  1-3.  November,  1904 05 

2.  Further  Experiments  on  Heterogeneous  Hybridization  in  Echinodenns, 
by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp.  5-30.  December,  1904 

8.  Influence  of  Calcium  and  Barium  on  the  Secretory  Activity  of  the 
Kidneys  (second  communication),  by  John  Bruce  MacGallum. 
Pp.  31-42.  December,  1904. 

4.  Note  on  the  Galvanotropic  Reactions  of  the  Medusa  Polyorchit 
penicillata  A.  Agassiz,  by  Frank  W.  Bancroft.  Pp.  43-46.  Decem- 
ber, 1904. 

Nos.  2,  3  and  4  in  one  cover .45 

6.  The  Action  on  the  Intestines  of  Solutions  containing  two  Salts,  by 
John  Bruce  MacCallum.  Pp.  47-64.  January,  1905. 

6.  The   Action   of   Purgatives   in   a   Crustacean    (Sida   cry&tallina),   by 

John  Bruce  MacCallum.    Pp.  65-70.    January,  1905. 

Nos.  5  and  6  in  one  cover -      .25 

7.  On  the  Validity  of  Pfiuger's  Law  for  the  Galvanic  Action  of  Para- 

mecium    (preliminary    communication),    by    Frank    W.    Bancroft. 
P.  71.    February,  1905. 

8.  On   Fertilization,   Artificial   Parthenogenesis   and   Cytolysis    of   the 

Sea-urchin  Egg,  by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp.  73-81.    February,  1905. 
Nos.  7  and  8  in  one  cover .16 

9.  On  an  Improved  Method  of  Artificial  Parthenogenesis,  by  Jacques 

Loeb.     Pp.  83-86.     February,  1905 -      .05 

10.  On  the  Diuretic  Action  of  Certain  Haemolytics,  and  the  Action  of 

Calcium  in  Suppressing  Haemoglobinuria  (preliminary  communica- 
tion), by  John  Bruce  MacCallum.    Pp.  87-88.    March,  1905. 

11.  On  an  Improved  Method  of  Artificial  Parthenogenesis  (second  com- 

munication), by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  89-92.    March,  1905. 

Nos.  10  and  11  in  one  cover „ —      .05 

12.  The  Diuretic  Action  of  Certain  Haemolytics  and  the  Influence  of 

Calcium  and  Magnesium  in  Suppressing  the  Haemolysis    (second 
communication),  by  John  Bruce  MacCallum.   Pp.  93-103.   May,  1905. 
18.  The  Action  of  Pilocarpine  and  Atropin  on  the  Flow  of  Urina,  by 
John  Bruce  MacCallum.    Pp.  105-112.    May,  1905. 
Nos.  12  and  13  in  one  cover 25 

14.  On  an  Improved  Method  of  Artificial  Parthenogenesis   (third  com- 

munication), by  Jacques  Loeb.     Pp.  113-123.     May,  1905 15 

15.  On   the   Influence   of   Temperature   upon   Cardiac   Contractions   and 

its  Relation  to  Influence  of  Temperature  upon  Chemical  Reaction 
Velocity,  by  Charles  D.  Snyder.    Pp.  125-146.    September,  1905 25 

16.  Artificial  Membrane  Formation  and  Chemical  Fertilization  in  a  Star- 

fish (Asterina),  by  Jacques  Loeb.     Pp.  147-158.     September,  1905 .15 

17.  On  the  Influence  of  Electrolytes  upon  the  Toxicity  of  Alkaloids  (pre- 

liminary communication),  by  T.  Brailsford  Robertson.    Pp.  159-162. 
October,  1905 05 

18.  Studies    on    the    Toxicity    of    Sea-water    for    Fresh-water    Animals 

(Gammarus   pulex   De   Geer),    by   C.   H.   Wolfgang   Ostwald.     Pp. 
163-191;  plates  1-6.     November,  1905 85 

19.  On  the  Validity  of  Pfluger's  Law  for  the  Galvanotropic  Reactions 

of  Paramecium,  by  Frank  W.  Bancroft.    Pp.  193-215;  8  text  figures. 
November,   1905  _ ~      .20 

Vol.3.  1.  On  Chemical  Methods  by  which  the  Eggs  of  a  Mollusc  (Lottia 
Gigantea)  can  be  caused  to  become  Mature,  by  Jacques  Loeb. 
Pp.  1-8.  November,  1905 „  .05 

2.  On  the  Changes  in  the  Nerve  and  Muscle  which  seem  to  Underlie  the 
Electrotonic  Effect  of  the  Galvanic  Current,  by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp. 
9-15.  December,  1905 05 

8.  Can  the  Cerebral  Cortex  be  Stimulated  Chemically?  (Preliminary 

communication),  by  S.  S.  Maxwell.  Pp.  17-19.  February,  1906 .05 

4.  The  Control  of  Galvanotropism  in  Paramecium  by  Chemical  Sub- 
stances, by  Frank  W.  Bancroft.  Pp.  21-23.  March,  1906 10 

6.  The  Toricity  of  Atmospheric  Oxygen  for  the  Eggs  of  the  Sea-urchin 
(Strongylocentrotus  purpuratus)  after  the  Process  of  Membrane 
Formation,  by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp.  33-37.  March.  1906. 

6.  On  the  Necessity  of  the  Presence  of  Free  Oxygen  in  the  Hypertonic 

Sea-water    for    the    Production    of   Artificial    Parthenogenesis,    by 
Jacques  Loeb.     Pp.  39-47.     March,  1906. 

Nos.  5  and  6  in  one  cover 15 

7.  On  the  Counteraction  of  the  Toxic  Effect  of  Hypertonic  Solutions 

upon  the  Fertilized  and  Unfertilized  Egg  of  the  Sea-urchin  by  Lack 

of  Oxygen;  by  Jacques  Loeb.    Pp.  49-56.    April,  1906 ~ .05 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) 

8.  On  the  Production  of  a  Fertilization  Membrane  in  the  Egg  of  the 

Sea-urchin  with  the  Blood  of  Certain  Gephyrean  Worms  (a  pre- 
liminary note),  by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp.  57-58.  March,  1907 .05 

9.  Note  on  the  Synthesis  of  a  Protein  through  the  Action  of  Pepsin 

(preliminary  communication),  by  T.  Brailsford  Robertson.  Pp. 
59-60.  April,  1907 05 

10.  The  Chemical  Character  of  the  Process  of  Fertilization,  and  its  Bear- 

ing upon  the  Theory  of  Life-Phenomena,  by  Jacques  Loeb.  Pp. 
61-80.  September,  1907 , 25 

11.  A  New  Proof  of  the  Permeability  of  Cells  for  Salts  or  Ions  (a  pre- 

liminary communication),  by  Jacques  Loeb.     Pp.  81-86.    January, 

1908    „ ~.       .06 

12.  The  Origin  of  two  new  Retrogressive  Varieties  by  one  Mutation  m 

Mice,  by  Arend  L.  Hagedocrn.    Pp.  87-90.    September,  1908 .05 

13.  On  Synthesis  of  Paranuclein  through  the  Agency  of  Pepsin  and  Chemi- 

cal Mechanics  of  Hydrolysis  and  Synthesis  of  Proteins  through  the 
Agency  of  Enzymes,  by  T.  B.  Robertson.  Pp.  91-94.  December, 
1908  „ 05 

14.  The  Inheritance  of  Yellow  Color  in  Rodents,  by  Arend  L.  Hagedoorn. 

Pp.  95-99.     March,  1909 05 

15.  Table  of  H*  and  OH~  Concentrations  corresponding  to  Electromotive 

Forces  determined  in  Gas-chain  measurements,  by  C.  L.  A.  Schmidt. 

Pp.  101-113.     September,  1909 10 

16.  The  Proteins,  by  T.  Brailsford  Robertson.    Pp.  115-194.    October,  1910  $1.00 

17.  Further  Proof  of  the  Identity  of  Heliotropisra  in  Animals  and  Plants, 

by  Jacques  Loeb  and  S.  S.  Maxwell.     Pp.  195-197.     January,  1910      .05 

Vol.4.      1.  Experiments  on  the  Function  of  the  Internal  Ear,  by  S.  S.  Maxwell. 

Pp.  1-4.    September,  1910 05 

2.  On  the  Rise  of  Temperature  in  Rabbits,  Caused  by  the  Injection  of  Salt 

Solutions,  by  Theo.  C.  Burnett.    Pp.  5-7.    September,  1910  05 

8.  A  Biochemical  Conception  of  Dominance,  by  A.  R.  Moore.     Pp.  9-15. 

September,   1910 —      .05 

4.  Galvanotropic  Orientation  in  Gonium  pectorale,  by  A.  R.  Moore  and  T. 

H.  Goodspeed.    Pp.  17-23.    May,  1911  ...„ 05 

5.  On  a  Possible  Source  of  the  Biological  Individuality  of  the  Tissues  and 

Tissue-fluids  of  Animal  Species,  by  T.  Brailsford  Robertson.  Pp. 
25-30.  May,  1911  _...-.' 05 

6.  Some  Factors  Influencing  the   Quantitative  Determination  of  Gliadin, 

by  J.  E.  Greaves.    Pp.  31-74.    August,  1911  40 

7.  Errors  of  Refraction  Occurring  in  the  Students  of  the  University  of 

California,  by  Theo.  C.  Burnett.    Pp.  75-77.    August,  1911  05 

8.  On  the  Cytolytic  Action  of  Ox-Blood  Serum  upon  Sea-Urchin  Eggs, 

and  Its  Inhibition  by  Proteins   (Preliminary  communication),  by  T. 

Brailsfcrd  Robertson,     Pp.  79-88.     February,  1912 10 

9.  On  the  Nature  of  the  Cortical  Layer  in  Sea  Urchin  Eggs,  by  A.  R. 

Moore.    Pp.  89-90.    March,  1912. 

10.  On  the  Nature  of  the  Sensitization  of  Sea  Urchin  Eggs  by  Strontium 
Chloride,  by  A.  R.  Moore.  Pp.  91-93.  March,  1912. 

Nos.  9  and  10  in  one  cover 05 

11.  On  the  Isolation  of  Oocytase,  the  Fertilizing  and  Cytolyzing  Substance 
in  Mammalian  Blood  Sera,  by  T.  Brailsford  Robertson.  Pp.  95-102. 
March,  1912. 

12.  On  the  Extraction  of  a  Substance  from  the  Sperm  of  a  Sea  Urchin 
(Strongylocentrotus  purpuratus)  which  will  Fertilize  the  Eggs  of  that 
Species,  by  T.  Brailsford  Robertson.    Pp.  103-105.    March,  1912. 
IS.  The  Demonstration  of  "Masked"  Iron  in  Blood,  by  C.  B.  Bennett. 
Pp.  107-108.    March,  1912. 

Nos.  11,  12  and  13  in  one  cover  10 

14.  A  New  Method  of  Heterogeneous  Hybridization  in  Echinoderms,  by 

A.  R.  Moore.    Pp.  109-110.    March,  1912. 

15.  Can  the  Presence  of  Acid  Account  for  the  Oedema  of  Living  Muscle, 

by  A.  R.  Moore.    Pp.  111-114.    April,  1912. 
Nos.  14  and  15  in  one  cover 05 

16.  On  the  Oxydations  and  Cleavages  of  Glucose.    Yeast  Glucase,  a  New 

Glucolytic  Ferment,  by  Victor  Birckner.    Pp.  115-183.    September, 


1912 


.75 


17.  Negative  Phototropism  in  Diaptomus  by  Means  of  Strychnine,  by  A.  R. 

Moore.    Pp.  185-186.    November,  1912 ------      -05 

18.  On  the  Volume  Changes  of  the  Arm  During  Muscular  Exercise,  by  Esther 

V.  Starkweather.    Pp.  187-200.    October,  1913 .15 

19  The  Blood-Pressure  Effects  of  the  Application  of  Creatin  to  the  Cerebral 
Cortex,  by  Robert  Stanton  Sherman.  Pp.  201-206,  plate  1.  Septem- 
ber, 1914  °5 

Other  series:  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  Botany,  Classical  Philology,  Eco- 
nomics, Engineering,  Entomology,  Geology,  History,  Lick  Observatory  Bulletins,  Lie*.  Ob- 
servatory  Publications,  Mathematics,  Modern  Philology,  Pathology,  Philosophy,  Psychology, 
Publications  of  the  Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History,  and  Zoology. 


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